gender wage gap in different countries

While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Employment : Gender wage gap Customise Export My Queries Data extracted on 11 Jan 2023 22:03 UTC (GMT) from OECD.Stat Information Employment Database Specific Abstract Compared to men, women are less likely to work full-time, more likely to be employed in lower-paid occupations, and less likely to progress in their careers. Progress is being made. Vertical segregation, also known as hierarchical segregation, or the authority gap, refers to the fact that men are much more likely than women to be in positions of authority. Gender pay gap in OECD countries as of 2020 [Graph]. Among the 22 countries studied over the period of 9 years, the hypothesis being pursued was to figure out based on whether more equality driven countries are related with the lower wage gaps. This research finds the wage gap both within and across occupations, as shown by the wage gap by sex for each state's top occupation and the difference in earnings for the top occupations by sex. Economics research has typically considered the gender wage gap separately from racial wage gaps, but this may miss important dynamics between gender and race in the labor market. BBN Times connects decision makers to you. Learn more about how Statista can support your business. This website uses cookies to provide you with a great user experience. Latest available data for a fixed period, Other developed countries such as the United States, England which average out in the 19% percentile range and with other countries such as New Zealand, Belgium and Hungary with a ashtonsing average of 6.7% produced by quick differences in the market and the quick incline of the market and liberating strategies that took speed in the 1990s OCED Wage Gap Article (2010). For example, among OECD nations women in Australia, Belgium, Italy and Sweden earn 80% as much as males, whereas in Austria, Canada and Japan women earn about 60%. Disparities in working hours could be influencing Israel's gender pay gap, as the. Several other factors are believed to influence vertical gender discrimination. Examination of the widening gender earnings gap in Australia indicates that women's wages continue to lag behind those of men. For men, it's 72%. Taylor has been a guest speaker for groups of teachers of high school economics, visiting diplomats from eastern Europe, talk-radio shows, and community groups. gender wage gap, in many industrialized countries, systemic differences between the average wages or salaries of men and those of women. Women have made great strides in labour force participation. Any deadline. Is Bringing Nuance into the Public Debate Actually Killing It? Top 10 Countries with the Highest Gender Equality (2021 World Economic Forum) Iceland 89.2%; Finland 86.1% Use this code to embed the visualisation into your website. A gender pay gap measured simply the so-called raw or unadjusted genderpay gap can arise for a multitude of different reasons, including, among others: differences between female and male educational attainments; lower wages in thesectors and occupations in which women are concentrated; differences betweenfemale and male participation rates in part-time and full-time work, which arein turn influenced by womens role as mothers and their care responsibilities; anddiscrimination in pay between women and men performing equal work or workof equal value. Organisation for Economic. According to the Office of Personnel Management, about 44% of this workforce is femalea slightly smaller percentage than in the entire U.S. workforce (an estimated 47%). Key Takeaways. The complete paper is available for download here. They found that women workers faced a wage gap of roughly 51 percent between 2001 and 2015. On average, women around the world are paid 15.6% per hour less than men. The global gap in labour force participation has been estimated at 27 percentage points, and participation gaps remain particularly wide in the Arab States, northern Africa and southern Asia, in each case exceeding 50 percentage points. The employment rate of women stands at 59.0%. As of 2017, Finland has a higher female workforce-participation rate of 55%, which is comparable to the US, based on The World Bank's data. Though Chilean women are entitled to 18 weeks of, , more than many OECD countries, Chile still has a. and a near-perfect school enrollment percentage, Japan may be somewhat surprising country to make an appearance on this list. Here, I'll focus on my thoughts about some policies with a more direct relationship to the gender gap.1) Laws about "equal pay for equal work" can have only limited effect on the gender wage gap if much of the gap traces back to different jobs, different employers, and effects of motherhood on labor force participation. Latest publication OECD Employment Outlook Publication (2022) Indicators Average wages Employee compensation by activity Gender wage gap For example, in Finland, only 20 per cent of CEOs are women, whereas about 70 per cent of semi-skilled jobs are occupied by women. However, just as the gender wage gap can vary by occupation, job title, and company, some evidence indicates that within-job discrimination might be contributing to the gender wage gap in particular occupations or companies. By clicking Sign up, you agree to receive marketing emails from Insider Finland is classified as "high income" by The World Bank, while Mexico is classified as "upper middle income." Profit from the additional features of your individual account. A second process that also fuels the gender wage gap is vertical segregation. On the Caribbean island of Barbados, women's and men's income is also relatively similar, the Forum finds in its Global Gender Gap 2021 report. (1996). As soon as this statistic is updated, you will immediately be notified via e-mail. Across countries, results vary widely and in interesting ways. Since female labour market participation often differs from that of men, and employers' decisions to hire may also be influenced by gender . Tied with Finland, Mexico has the ninth most significant gender pay gap among OECD countries, with women earning 16.5% less than the median male wage, according to data from OECD. Although the UK is geographically smaller than places like Canada and the US with a GDP of about $2.6 trillion US dollars, women there still only earn about 83.2% of what the average man makes, leaving them with a gender pay gap as large as 16.8%. In general, the degree to which women are freely choosing to enter into specific occupations, or the extent to which their choices may be the result of structural constraints, is a major concern to many sociologists. * Data from 2019 Copy the URL to open this chart with all your selections. France has the smallest unadjusted gap with women earning about 88 cents per euro men earn. This stubborn inequality in the average wages between men and women persists in all countries and across all sectors, because women's work is under-valued and women tend to be concentrated in different jobs than men. Beyond gender taste-based discrimination, explanations for these pay gaps based on economic factors include time in the workforce, the motherhood penalty, human capital differences, avoidance of competition, and job choice. Among professional occupations, for example, accountants, architects, and engineers tend to be mostly men, while nurses, social workers, and primary- and secondary-school teachers tend to be mostly women. Japanese women earn 24.5% less than men, based on OECD's findings. "[T]the low labour market participation of women vis--vis men is a global phenomenon. The gender pay gap is a problem nationwide in the United States. Size of the gender wage gap One of the most important economic trends of the late 20th century was the dramatic increase in the number of women entering the paid labour force. Gender differences in wages are a persistent pattern in most European countries. [F]or most countries, the trend in participation rates for women starts to separate further from that of men at about the age of 2535 years old, coinciding with the beginning of the period of motherhood. South Korea (36.6% gender wage gap) Surprisingly, South Korea has the largest gender pay gap among the OECD countries. At first, this may seem like an unusual tie, since Mexico and Finland have completely different economic makeups. At Stanford, he was winner of the award for excellent teaching in a large class (more than 30 students) given by the Associated Students of Stanford University. And despite efforts to close it, particularly amongst . Another explanation for the decrease in the wage gap is that, although womens earnings have been increasing, those of many men decreased in the 1970s and 80s. In the United States, for example, although womens earnings as a percentage of mens earnings increased by about 20 points between 1979 and 2004 (62.3 percent to 80.4 percent), they increased by only 1.5 points between 2004 and 2016 (80.4 percent to 81.9 percent). For example, family leave policies in Denmark and Italy appear similar on the surface. Korea on the other hand is the country with the highest gender pay gap of the OECD countries with a 31.5 percent difference between the. We find that the gender pay gap, even among top executives, is greater in societies with more acceptance of corruption, intolerance, in which religious beliefs are more dogmatic, and where there is greater acceptance of violence toward women. Luxembourg (6.49% gender wage gap) According to OECD, Luxembourg has a wage gap of 6.49%, slightly higher than Belgium's. The disparity in the wage gap is directly associated with the higher level of unemployment among women compared to men. Currently, women are seeking more education and better jobs. In 1993, 44.5% of women in South Africa were working; a number that rose to 48.9% by 2018. There are large differences between member states: in 2020, the biggest gender pay gap was recorded in Latvia (22.3%), while the EU country with the lowest gender pay gap was Luxembourg (0.7%). Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. Authors suggest that in Italy the gender pay gap may be due to overeducation because of a reduction in earnings for women at 7.3 %, when compared to properly educated individuals with a wage reduction of 3.5%. According to the World Economic Forum, the gender wage gap is currently at 16.0%, with women earning on average 84 cents for every dollar earned by men. But the issue of the gender pay gap extends beyond the borders of the US. Part of this is thought to be because Japanese women do over three-quarters of the unpaid labor and caregiving, while the average man works long hours at their paid jobs, according to a 2017 OECD report. Figure 4: Statistics Canada. Mark Wooden. This gender pay ratio is often measured for year-round, full-time workers and compares the annual wages (of hourly wage and salaried workers) of the median ("typical") man with that of the median ("typical") woman; measured this way, the current gender pay ratio is 0.796, or, expressed as a percent, it is 79.6 percent (U.S. Census . I earned more than my husband, I worked the same hours, maybe less actually, I was a civil engineer, to all feminist out there if you want the same money as men, do the same job as men, Omg it's as simple as that!! The size of the gender wage gap can also be influenced by race and ethnicity. Data refer to full-time employees on the one hand and to self-employed on the other. In the 15 countries studied, the gender gap in earnings ranged from just 9.9% in Hungary to 40.6% in South Korea, adjusting for multiple pay determinants such as differences in age, education and part-time status. Women carry out at least 2.5 times more unpaid work than men. More contributions of this study would occur such as the ability to approximate the persistent requests in the female labor market and again the country's wage gap Kahn & Blau (1995). According to a 2015 report from the PROGRESS Programme of the European Union, Austria's gender pay gap is in part the result of the segregation of men and women into different fields (and the pay disparities between those different fields). In particular, over the last couple of decades most high-income countries have seen sizeable reductions in the gender pay gap. Women earn about 86.8% of their male counterparts. Your email is never published nor shared. The industry where you'll find the smallest gap is currently the Public Administration and Safety industry, where the gap is 5.1%. Required fields are marked *, You may use these HTML tags and attributes:

. When someone is employed or actively looking for employment, they are said to be participating in the labour force. Both of these . You only have access to basic statistics. In other words, family leave policies can have quite different effects depending on the social context of the country that enacts them.Obviously, the gender wage gap is not purely a labor market phenomenon, but arises in the context of social expectations and choices within households about time allocation. samples are real essays written by real students who kindly donate their papers to us so that $0.94 for women age 36-40. The estimated 16-cent gender pay gap among all workers in 2020 was down from 36 cents in 1980. Since the 1900s there have been various articles researching this subject, these studies have broken down specific subtitles within this branch such as: work effort, maternity leave, country variations and more reasons that this gap has been so hard to change and still prominent throughout these years. TheGlobal Wage Report 2018-2019, just published by the International Labour Organization, devotes two main chapters to the theme "What lies behind gender pay gaps." This is also despite the fact that women make up more than half of the population, with 113 women per 100 men, according to the European Commission. Please select which sections you would like to print: How much a woman earns for every dollar a man does in the United States. We provide empirical evidence that cultural factors, which are embedded in societies long before the compensation decisions, significantly improve our ability to explain the pay gap (from 44% with traditional determinants of executive compensation to 95% when also including the cultural norms). The gender pay gap might increase with age as a result of the career interruptions women may experience during their working life. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). statistic alerts) please log in with your personal account. of the segregation of men and women into different fields (and the pay disparities between those different fields). It's also worth noting that Korea has about the same work-participation rate for women as the US (about 56%). In most other countries, it seems that motherhood has a long-term effect: once the participation of women declines at around the age of 2530 years, the proportion of women who stay in (or out) of the labour market across all other age groups thereafter remains constant until approximately retirement age. . Currently, you are using a shared account. (In addition, this variable does not relate to the division of labor and market organization.) Most scholars agree that, although within-job discrimination was a major contributor to the gender wage gap at one point, it no longer plays a significant role. include Korea, Estonia, Japan, Latvia, and Chile, but other countries have significant gender pay disparities as well. The general tone of the report sounds like this (citations omitted for readability): "[I]t is understood that while a simple measure of the gender pay gap servesto attract the attention of the general public and policy-makers to the problem ofunequal pay between women and men, it remains a very imperfect indicator ofinequality, needing to be further analysed and refined if it is to adequately informpolicy-making. The controlled pay gap tells us what women earn compared to men. Weve seen various laws set into place such as the Equal Opportunity Law (EEO), Civil Rights Act of 1994, and other discrimination laws mainly based in the United States, but in other countries it these laws in action may not be the same. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. this year, to raise awareness about the US gender wage gap. This analysis supports the hypothesis that cultural norms have significant explanatory power for gender gaps. A weekly update of the most important issues driving the global agenda. The. The belief that womens work is paid below its real worth is behind the comparable worth movement. Social psychological theories focus on the influence of gender socialization in creating different preferences and expectations in men and women. The limitations of this study were that different routes were explored, meaning that the work ethic was not taken into account, the type of job they were working at, for example: more men may lead more into manual labor and the companies may pay off work effort and somehow the women get less pay simply because of the work theyre putting in. Devon Delfino is a Brooklyn-based freelance journalist specializing in personal finance, culture, politics, and identity. gender wage gap, in many industrialized countries, systemic differences between the average wages or salaries of men and those of women. The report walks through a number of possible explanations for gender wage gaps--although because the ILO is focused on a cross-country analysis, it is somewhat limited by what kinds of cross-country data are available. First, an individual has to decide to participate in the labour market, and second, an employer must decide to hire that individual. Although researchers acknowledge that a portion of the difference in authority may be caused by cohort factors, most studies have found that vertical discrimination exists at a much greater level than would be expected if it were based solely on cohort effects. Surprising facts. The views expressed in this article are those of the author alone and not the World Economic Forum. $0.93 for women age 41-45. This post is based on a recent paper by Professor. that Israeli women generally work fewer hours than men. Deep Learning is Transforming the Construction Industry, , just published by the International Labour Organization, devotes two main chapters to the theme "What lies behind gender pay gaps. Image:REUTERS/Stefan Wermuth, .chakra .wef-1vg6q84{font-weight:700;}Senior Writer, Formative Content. The UK is another potentially unexpected entry, at least if you subscribe to the idea that a large GDP means a country is less likely to suffer from problems of gender-based inequality. This study analyses the earnings divide between men and women and the driving forces behind it in 26 countries. The American sociologist Paula England argued that cultures that value women less than men similarly devalue the professional occupations and skills that are associated with women. Consequently, because of these establishments, which lessen the area of the differences between salaries nationwide corporations , and are more than likely to decrease the gender wage gap,bringing them closer to equality. , with the average woman earning just 71.7% of what the average man earns a 28.3% disparity. Understanding the Three Types of Income: Earned, Investment, and Passive, https://www.britannica.com/topic/gender-wage-gap. With a gross domestic product (GDP) of $4.9 trillion and a near-perfect school enrollment percentage, Japan may be somewhat surprising country to make an appearance on this list. Irrespective of income level, in all countries and at any age group, womens participation rates are always below those of men. The metaphor of the glass ceiling has been conceptualized in various ways. If nothing else, it's a reminder that the wage gap is just one aspect of gender-based inequality, and there's still a lot of work to be done in terms of gender equality. Because the exact percentage of the gender wage gap is hard to quantify, Statistics Iceland uses two different metrics: the "explained gap," (7.4%) which can be attributed specifically to gender, and the "unexplained gap," (4.8%) which accounts for other factors affecting gender pay equity that are harder to pinpoint. Accessed January 18, 2023. https://www.statista.com/statistics/934039/gender-pay-gap-select-countries/, OECD. Women are under-represented in decision-making roles. When you add in other factors, like educational attainment, opportunities, and health, the rankings look a bit different. Of the countries on that list, not one broke the 0.9 mark (out of the highest possible score of 1) and only five countries scored 0.8 or higher, based on OECD's findings. Though Chilean women are entitled to 18 weeks of maternity leave, more than many OECD countries, Chile still has a 21.1% gender pay gap. The Intersection of Artificial Intelligence & Virtual Reality: Are We There Yet? It is a phenomenon that affects women of all education levels, ages, and races. In the US, the national gender pay gap gets a lot of coverage there's even an Equal-Pay Day, which fell on April 10, 2018 this year, to raise awareness about the US gender wage gap. When we look at the first discoveries for the United States, we can look at the variables that incorporate in the reverting that are more than likely adequate to report for the higher sex pay gap that is higher in the United States than if we compared it with other countries set in the West. Barbados is also the best performer in the Latin America and Caribbean region for women's participation in the labour force. On 17 August 2022, StatsNZ announced that the gender pay gap was 9.2 percent. This illustrates vertical occupational segregation that is, the clustering of men at the top of occupational hierarchies and of women at the bottom.". We contribute to this accumulated research by demonstrating that a societys cultural norms can explain why women are paid less than men. Any subject. The gap results from many factors: horizontal and vertical gender segregation in the job market, differences in job flexibility, and, in some cases, wage discrimination. All rights reserved. "Gender pay gap in OECD countries as of 2020." After making basic adjustments for differences in age, education and part-time status, the gender gap in earnings among those aged 30-55 years ranges from 10% in Hungary to 41% in South Korea.. is affecting economies, industries and global issues, with our crowdsourced digital platform to deliver impact at scale. We call this the "factor weighted gender pay gap".</br></br> Compared to traditional ways of estimating the gender pay gap, the factor weighted pay gap finds that in more than 70 per cent of the countries covered in the report, the gap has been underestimated. 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Belief that womens work is paid below its real worth is behind the comparable worth movement for,! Rate of women stands at 59.0 % log in with your personal account borders of the most issues. By race and ethnicity ; } Senior Writer, Formative Content Japan, Latvia, Passive... The controlled pay gap in OECD countries as of 2020. awareness about the US about. % per hour less than men, it & # x27 ; 72... In South Africa were working ; a number that rose to 48.9 by... Not relate to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions, educational! Intelligence & Virtual Reality: are We there Yet gap of roughly 51 percent between 2001 and 2015, raise! You gender wage gap in different countries immediately be notified via e-mail article ( requires login ) completely economic... World are paid 15.6 % per hour less than men reductions in the gender pay gap tells US what earn., OECD a number that rose to 48.9 % by 2018 social theories! 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